Hormonas tiroideas y sistema nervioso central

Trabajo presentado al Symposium: Tiroides.El trabajo experimental en el laboratorio del autor está financiado por la DGYCT (PM98-0118), la Comunidad de Madrid (08.5/0044/2000 1) y la Unión Europea (QLG3-CT-2000-00930).Peer reviewe

Multi-state Boson Stars

Motivated by the increasing interest in models which consider scalar fields as viable dark matter candidates, we have constructed a generalization of relativistic Boson Stars (BS) composed of two coexisting states of the scalar field, the ground state and the first excited state. We have studied the dynamical evolution of these Multi-state Boson Stars (MSBS) under radial perturbations, using numerical techniques. We show that stable MSBS can be constructed, when the number of particles in the first excited state, N2, is smaller than the number of particles in the ground state, N1. On the other hand, when N2 > N1, the configurations are initially unstable. However, they evolve and settle down into stable configurations. In the stabilization process, the initially ground state is excited and ends in a first excited state, whereas the initially first excited state ends in a ground state. During this process, both states emit scalar field radiation, decreasing their number of particles. This behavior shows that even though BS in the first excited state are intrinsically unstable under finite perturbations, the configuration resulting from the combination of this state with the ground state produces stable objects. Finally we show in a qualitative way, that stable MSBS could be realistic models of dark matter galactic halos, as they produce rotation curves that are flatter at large radii than the rotation curves produced by BS with only one state.Comment: 14 pages. Extended discussion and new figures added. Conclusions unchanged. Accepted for publication in Physical Review

E-commerce and territorial development in the Objective-1 spanish regions

The information and communication technologies constitute one of the main forces of the globalization. In this framework, the e-commerce takes advantage of Internet to improve the competitiveness of the companies and territories. In the nowadays scenario, the e-commerce opens development posibilities for the regions fewer developed, creating a virtual space that saves the geographical barriers. However, the use of its advantages requires infrastructures and equipment, organizational capacity and high formation in new technologies. In spite of the deficit that the objetive 1 spanish regions show in these fields to develop the their own Information Society, the attitude and the efforts of the public and private agents in improving their position in the national and international context, they open optimistic expectations on the future use of the advantages that the e-commerce offers for the growth and the improvement of the regional competitiveness in Spain. Nevertheless, one cannot hope the e-commerce is a decisive element to eliminate the territorial inequalities, not even the technologies of the information in its group, but rather it can be that they originate a restructuring of the spanish and european territorial pattern, where some regions will be able to improve thanks to the extension and deeping of the digital economy and others will worsen its position in the territorial system. In any event, the developed regions leave of a better position. All the analysts coincide in pointing out that the e-commerce is in an incipient phase, for what es expected that its growth in next years is very important. In this sense, this communication seeks to analyze the use of the possibilities that the e-commerce offers as tool of improvement of the competitiveness in the objetive 1 spanish regions in the framework of the regional development. To get this objetive, the theoretical linkings are revised among the new information and communication technologies, that allow the use of Internet like a trade channel, and the territorial development, showing the different focuses with those that are come approaching the influences of the Information Society on the regional competitiveness. Also, the current situation and perspectives of the objetive one spanish regions are rewied to face the challenges that outline the technological advances in this field in three environments: infrastructures and equipment; organization, support institutions and administration initiatives; and innovation, knowledge and formation.

Type III Secretion Effectors with Arginine N-Glycosyltransferase Activity

Type III secretion systems are used by many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to inject proteins, known as effectors, into the cytosol of host cells. These virulence factors interfere with a diverse array of host signal transduction pathways and cellular processes. Many effectors have catalytic activities to promote post-translational modifications of host proteins. This review focuses on a family of effectors with glycosyltransferase activity that catalyze addition of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine to specific arginine residues in target proteins, leading to reduced NF-κB pathway activation and impaired host cell death. This family includes NleB from Citrobacter rodentium, NleB1 and NleB2 from enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and SseK1, SseK2, and SseK3 from Salmonella enterica. First, we place these effectors in the general framework of the glycosyltransferase superfamily and in the particular context of the role of glycosylation in bacterial pathogenesis. Then, we provide detailed information about currently known members of this family, their role in virulence, and their targetsSpanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad , Agencia Estatal de Investigación, and the European Regional Development Fund, grant number SAF2016‐75365‐REuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 e Marie Skłodowska‐Curie grant agreement No 84262

RNA-based tools for nuclear reprogramming and lineage-conversion: towards clinical applications

The therapeutic potential of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is well established. Safety concerns remain, however, and these have driven considerable efforts aimed at avoiding host genome alteration during the reprogramming process. At present, the tools used to generate human iPSCs include (1) DNA-based integrative and non-integrative methods and (2) DNA-free reprogramming technologies, including RNA-based approaches. Because of their combined efficiency and safety characteristics, RNA-based methods have emerged as the most promising tool for future iPSC-based regenerative medicine applications. Here, I will discuss novel recent advances in reprogramming technology, especially those utilizing the Sendai virus (SeV) and synthetic modified mRNA. In the future, these technologies may find utility in iPSC reprogramming for cellular lineage-conversion, and its subsequent use in cell-based therapies.This work was supported by a grant (BFU2012-35258) to J.A. Bernal from the Ministry of Economy and Competitivity. J.A. Bernal was also supported by the Spanish Ramón y Cajal program (RYC2009-04341) from the Ministry of Science and Innovation.S

Grammar and institutionalisation of italian language teaching in the 19 th century Spain

Las primeras huellas de institucionalización pública de la enseñanza de lenguas en la España del XIX se manifiestan tarde, más si cabe en el caso de la lengua italiana, y desde luego sin continuidad entre los diferentes textos legales que, en materia de instrucción pública, se sucedieron durante el siglo. No por ello, sin embargo, faltaron gramáticas. Evidenciar esta situación será el primer objetivo del presente trabajo. El segundo será describir cómo y en qué medida influyeron las normativas de instrucción pública en la composición de las gramáticas italoespañolas del XIX.The first traces of public institutionalisation of language teaching in 19th century Spain appear late, even later in the case of Italian, and with no continuity in the various pieces of legislation on public education issued over the century. On the other hand, however, grammar books were present. The first goal of this paper is that of depicting this situation. The second will be that of describing how and to what extent laws on public education influenced the composition of grammar books in the Italian-Spanish tradition of the 19th century